m PHASES OF PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY. 



ADDRESS 



GEORGE GRANT MaoCURDY 

n 

VICE-PRESIDENT AND OHAIBMAN OF SECTION H FOE 1906 



BEFOBE THE 

SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY 

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOK THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE 

« 

New Yoek Meeting 
December 27, 1906- January 2, 1907 



Advance sheets from the Proceedings of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science, Vol. LVI, 1907 



washington, d. c. 

Gibccn Bros, . Printers and Bookbinders 

1907. 



. Ms 



Compliments 

the Author. 



ADDRESS 



BY 



GEORGE GRANT MacCURDY, 

vice-president and chairman of section h for 1906. 



SOME PHASES OF PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY. 



The American field for anthropological research is so wide 
and so fertile that it not only monopolizes the attention of 
specialists at home, but also attracts to our shores numerous 
foreign investigators. For attestation of this fact, one has 
but to cite the fourteenth International Congress of Ameri- 
canists held in the city of Quebec last September. The same 
Congress had convened in the New World twice before, once 
in New York City and once in the City of Mexico, the remaining 
sessions having been held in various European cities. 

When foreign savants take such a deep interest in our own 
problems it is fitting that we should reciprocate by at least 
an occasional survey of the foreign field. In looking over 
the list of vice-presidential, addresses read before this Section, 
I find that two such surveys have already been made.* The 
address of Professor E- S. Morse, entitled: "Man in the Ter- 
tiaries," was a powerful argument in favor of the existence of 
man's ancestors in Tertiary times. Fifteen years later Dr. 
Thomas Wilson chose for his subject: "The Beginnings of 
Prehistoric Anthropology. "f He not only had something to 

* Vice-Presidential Address, Proc. A. A. A. S., 1884, XXXIII, 579. 
I Vice-Presidential Address, Proc. A. A. A.J3., 1899, XL VIII, 309. 



2 SECTION H. 

say about Tertiary man, but also covered the paleolithic and 
neolithic periods. In the more than seven years that have 
elapsed since Dr. Wilson's address was read, much progress 
has been made in the prehistoric archaeology of Europe. 
This is especially true concerning our knowledge of the eolithic 
question and of paleolithic art in so far as it has to do with 
engravings and frescoes on certain cavern walls. In fact, 
eoliths and paleolithic mural decorations were not even men- 
tioned by Dr. Wilson. He did refer, however, to Harrison's 
discoveries of "paleoliths" on the chalk plateau of Kent, but 
confused these with the well-known river-drift implements. 

THE EOLITHIC PERIOD. \ '■* 

When Thomsen published his relative chronology for pre- 
historic times in 1836, the only stone age known was that 
which is now called the neolithic period. Boucher de Per- 
thes 's first discovery of paleoliths in the river-drift of the 
valley of the Somme came just two years later. These river- 
drift implements, however, were not accepted until after (Sir) 
Joseph Prestwich's visit to Abbeville in 1859. 

Is there a stone industry antedating the paleolithic? The 
answer depends in a measure upon the definition of the term. 
The Chellean coup de poing is quite generally looked upon as 
representing the oldest paleolithic industry. As to its position 
in the geological scale opinions differ. Piette and de Mortil- 
let placed it in the Lower Quaternary. According to the more 
recent classifications of Rutot and Boule, the Chellean belongs 
to the Middle Quaternary. If the latter view is correct, then 
a pre-Chellean industry need not necessarily be of Tertiary 
age. The presence of artifacts in the Lower Quaternary should 
not be surprising even to the most sceptical. This is particu- 
larly true in view of the fact that the well-known almond- 
shaped implement represents an advanced stage in the art of 
chipping flint. While Professor M. Boule does not doubt that 
industrial remains may exist in the Lower Quaternary and 
even in the Tertiary, he denies that they have as yet been 
discovered. In his own words as a paleontologist he has a 



GEORGE) GRANT MacCURDY. 3 

firm faith in the existence of Tertiary man, traces of whom he 
believes will some day be found. On the other hand, Dr. A. 
Rutot accepts as man's handiwork the rudely chipped speci- 
mens not only from the Lower Quaternary, but also from the 
Pliocene and Upper Miocene. 

The first serious claim for the existence of a Tertiary industry 
was made by the Abbe Bourgeois in 1867. The subject at 
once attracted considerable attention; but after a lively dis- 
cussion that lasted for five or six years it was relegated to the 
background. The specimens that Bourgeois found in the 
Upper Oligocene at Thenay are not at present accepted as arti- 
facts. 

Carlos Ribeiro's discovery of chipped flints in the Upper 
Miocene and Lower Pliocene at Otta and other localities near 
Lisbon was announced in 1871. An account of Delgado's 
researches at Otta was published in 1889. Professor Verworn,* 
who recently visited this locality, is of the opinion that the 
deposits there have been so disturbed as to make the age of 
the artifacts doubtful. They may be paleolithic and even 
neolithic-. 

The problem is simpler at the classic stations near Aurillac 
(Cantal). The best known of these are at Puy-Courny and 
Puy de Boudieu. Here the deposit in question is of Upper Mio- 
cene age, fossiliferous and undisturbed. It is covered by a bed 
of andesitic tufa that attains in places a thickness of from sixty 
to one hundred meters. There is no doubt as to the geological 
age of the chipped flints. As to the nature of the chipping, 
however, opinions differ. 

When attention was called to the first specimens discovered 
by Rames in 1877, such well-known authorities as de Mortillet, 
Cartailhac, Chantre, de Ouatrefages and Capellini declared that 
if these flints had been found in Quaternary deposits, no one 
would hesitate to regard them as artifacts. The Cantal indus- 
try has been carefully studied in more recent years by Capitan, 
Rutot, Courty, Klaatsch and Verworn, all of whom have de- 
cided in favor of its genuineness. 

*Max Verworn. Archaolithisehe und palaolithische Reisesttidien in 
Frankreich und Portugal. Zeit. fur Ethnol., 1906, S. 611. 



4 SECTION H. 

The revival of interest in a pre-paleolithic industry in Eng- 
land began when Mr. Benjamin Harrison of Ightham, Kent, 
who had been collecting paleoliths from the river-drift of the 
neighborhood for years, extended his field of search in 1885 
to include the summit of that portion of the chalk plateau 
which lies between the valley of the Darent on the west, and 
that of the Med way on the east. Here at heights of from four 
hundred to seven hundred feet above the sea, he discovered 
flints supposed to have been chipped by the hand of man. 

As Harrison's collection grew it was submitted to Sir Joseph 
Prestwich, whose country-seat was at Shoreham in the Darent 
valley near by. ' Thirty 3^ears earlier Prestwich had confirmed 
the accuracy of Boucher de Perthes's discoveries in the valley 
of the Somme. Who could be better fitted than he to answer 
the questions as to the age of the specimens and of the southern 
drift in which they occur, as well as to the character of the 
chipping? According to Prestwich, the rudely chipped flints 
are artifacts and are as old as the southern drift. They are 
both older than the northern drift or boulder clay, and hence 
pre-glacial. Rutot places them in the Middle Pliocene. The 
southern drift (with implements) was transported across the 
chalk escarpment and the chalk plain into the Thames valley 
along lines independent of the present drainage; the patches 
that are now left on the highest points (eight hundred and 
sixty-four feet at Titsey hill west of the Darent valley), mark- 
ing what were then the valleys. 

Mr. J. Allen Brown,* in discussing the specimens found on 
the North Downs by Harrison, was the first to propose the 
term "eolithic," now so much in evidence. Two years later, 
G. de Mortillet made use of the term in his Classification pal- 
ethnologique,^ applying it to the Tertiary only. Dr. RutotJ 
does not limit the eolithic period to the Tertiary. In his 
classification, as previously stated, the early phases of the 

*Jour. Anthr. Inst., March 8, 1892, XXII, 93-94. 
fBull. Soc. d'anthr. de Paris, 1894, p. 616. 

JBull. Soc. beige de geol., de pal£on. et d'hydrol., Bruxelles, 1903, 
XVII, 425. • ■ 



gborge; grant MaccuRDY. 5 

Quaternary are also eolithic, the well-known hache type 
(Chellean) not appearing until the second advance of the ice. 

Eoliths are by no means confined to Kent. They have been 
found by Shrubsole in Berkshire; by Blackmore, Bullen and 
others near Salisbury, Wilts; at Dewlish in Dorset; also in 
Surrey, Hampshire, the southern part of Essex and Norfolk. 
Mr. Percival A. B. Martin has found eoliths at a number of 
places on the South Downs in the neighborhood of Eastbourne 
and Beachy Head. 

Are eoliths artifacts? This is the fateful question. Their 
geological age is of no consequence if they are only natural 
forms and have never been used by man or his precursor. The 
first flakes to be utilized were in all probability natural forms. 
It is not likely that eolithic man knew how to obtain the raw 
material from the chalk. He depended on picking up from 
the drift flakes of approximately the shape and size needed. 
A sharp edge was utilized once, twice, or until it became dulled, 
and was then cast aside. If an angular piece did not admit 
of being comfortably grasped in the hand, the troublesome 
corners were removed. Such conclusions as these are forced 
upon one after careful examination of a series of the specimens 
in question. Would the same conclusions be so irresistible 
if these objects were merely Nature's playthings? Many may 
even be grouped according to more or less definite patterns. 
Two of these deserve special mention, viz., the small crescent- 
shaped scrapers comparable to the spoke-shave, and the double 
'scrapers with an intervening point between the two scraping 
edges. Sometimes two margins are worked, but on opposite 
sides. That is to say, after chipping one of the margins, 
instead of rotating the specimen until the adjacent margin 
comes into play, it was reversed. 

Belgian archaeologists were among the first contributors to 
our knowledge of a pre-Chellean industry. The discoveries 
by Neyrinckx in the railway cut at Mesvin between Mons and 
Harmignies, date from 1868. M. Emile Delvaux later took 
up the work at Mesvin, where he succeeded in determining the 
presence of a rude industry antedating the paleolithic, to 
which he gave the name Mesvinian. During the past twenty 



6 SECTION H. 

years, Belgium's most indefatigable worker in the prehistoric 
field has been Dr. Rutot, his studies being confined chiefly to 
the Quaternary deposits. 

The river valleys of Belgium are often marked by three 
terraces: The upper terrace, of Pliocene age, about ninety 
meters above the present water-level; the middle terrace at 
an elevation of from twenty-five to sixty-five meters, and the 
lower terrace a little above high-water-level, both of Quater- 
nary age. The Quaternary may be divided into five series of 
deposits. Beginning with the oldest, these are: (i) Mosean; 
(2) Campinian; (3) Hesbayan; (4) Brabantian; (5) Flandrian. 
These deposits have been carefully examined by Rutot in quest 
of industrial remains. 

With the exception of the Brabantian, which is above the 
eolithic zone, all five divisions of the Quaternary are repre- 
sented in section in the Exploitation Helin at Spiennes, near 
Mons, phosphate works now owned by the Societe de 
Saint-Gobain. All of the Quaternary eolithic epochs are like- 
wise represented here with the exception of the oldest, the 
Reutelian. Rutot found that the three separated industry- 
bearing Campinian layers each furnished one of the several 
elements composing the industry previously found elsewhere 
in disturbed Campinian deposits. In the lowest of the three, 
there were not only eoliths of Mesvinian age, but also rude 
implements roughly amygdaloid in shape, selected flint nodules 
only slightly chipped to a semblance of the hache type, or 
poniard. All the requirements of a transition industry be- 
tween the Mesvinian (eolithic) and the Chellean (paleolithic) 
are therefore satisfied. The middle layer furnished examples 
of the classic coup de poing; and in the uppermost layer there 
were specimens of the hache type, carefully chipped on both 
sides until the margins presented almost a straight line as op- 
posed to the zigzag margin of the Chellean implement — in 
other words the so-called Acheulian industry of M. d'Ault du 
Mesnil. Rutot has proposed the name Strepyan for the in- 
dustry of transition from the eolithic to the paleolithic, because 
of the character and abundance of the specimens found at 
Strepy on the right bank of the Haine between Bstinnes and 
Cronfestu. 



GEORGE GRANT MaCCURDY. 7 

Following Rutot's lead, many German investigators have 
taken up the search for a pre-paleolithic industry in northern 
Germany, particularly in the valleys of the Elbe and Spree 
and on the Island of Riigen. The chief contributors have been 
Professors H. Klaatsch, Eugene Bracht and Max Verworn, 
and Drs. Hans Hahne, G. Schweinfurth,* Eduard Krause, et at. 

For some years past, the spread of the eolithic propaganda 
has been so rapid as to cause dismay in the camp of its oppo- 
nents. I spent the summer of 1903 in England and Belgium 
for the express purpose of studying the question at closer range. 
That summer's work formed the basis for a preliminary reportf 
read at the St. Louis Meeting of the American Association at 
the close of the same year, as well as for a more extended paper J 
published in 1905. Before the latter was out of press, there 
appeared an article by Professor Boule,§ intended as a severe 
blow to the genuineness of eoliths. He had been trying for 
twenty years to stem the rising tide in favor of a pre-paleo- 
lithic industry and was beginning to think of instituting ex- 
periments in the hope of throwing light on the origin of eoliths, 
when M.. A. Laville, preparator at the Ecole des Mines, Paris, 
found an experiment station already in working order and 
turning out "eoliths" daily by the hundreds. It was a cement 
factory on the left bank of the Seine, two kilometers southeast 
of Mantes, near Paris. 

In extracting the chalk from the quarry most of the flint 
nodules are cast aside. Some, however, pass unnoticed by 
the workmen and are carried with the chalk to the factory. 
This, together with a certain amount of clay is emptied into 
circular basins (delayeurs) or diluters. These vats have a 
diameter of about five meters, a,nd a depth of 1 .4 meters. The 
water is supplied by means of conduits and finally escapes 
through lateral sieves carrying with it the mixture of chalk 
and clay both highly pulverized. 

*Schweinfurth's studies have been confined chiefly to Egypt. 
fScience, 1904, p. 449. 

jThe Eolithic Problem — Evidences of a Rude Industry Antedating 
the Paleolithic: Amer. Anthropol., N. S., VII, 425-479. 
§Iv'Origine des eolithes. L' Anthropologic, t. XVI, 



8 SECTION H. 

Each circular vat is provided with a horizontal wheel, the 
spokes of which are armed with cast-iron teeth that reach to 
within two-tenths meters of the bottom, the wheel itself being 
just above the surface of the mixture. This wheel, with a 
diameter of five meters, and making sixteen revolutions a 
minute, attains a velocity at the circumference of about four 
meters a second. 

In this whirlpool of moving water, chalk, clay, and iron 
teeth, are also the flint nodules that escaped the notice of the 
quarrymen. These nodules therefore receive thousands of 
knocks, some mutual, some from the iron teeth, until at the 
end of a period of twenty-nine hours the machinery is stopped 
and they are removed. They are then washed and piled up to 
await their ultimate use as a by-product. It was in one of 
these piles that M. Laville's* discovery was made. Later he 
visited the place in company with Messieurs Boule, E- Car- 
tailhac and H. Obermaier. 

According to Boule, the flints that have passed through the 
machine have all the characters of the ancient river gravels. 
Most of them have become rounded pebbles. Many, however, 
are chipped in a manner to resemble a true artifact. He and 
his companions were able in a few minutes to make a "superb 
collection including the most characteristic forms of eoliths, 
hammer-stones, scrapers, spoke-shaves," etc. His article is 
illustrated by half-tone figures, which, however, are of very 
little use to the reader. Photographs of eoliths are practically 
useless; faithfully executed line drawings are little better; a 
view of the objects themselves is absolutely necessary before 
passing judgment on their origin. 

Professor Boule does not pretend that all eoliths have a 
natural origin more or less analogous to those made by 
machinery. He does claim "that it is often impossible to 
distinguish between intentional rudimentary chipping and that 
due to natural causes." In his opinion the artificial dynamics 
of the cement factory are comparable in every respect to the 
dynamic action of a natural torrent. 

Nothing is really gained even by proving the impossibility 

*Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, 1905, p. 119. 



GEORGE GRANT MacCURDY. 9 

of distinguishing between man's work and chipping due to 
natural causes. If the argument is worth anything it will 
admit of a still wider application because of the fact that it 
is admittedly impossible to distinguish between certain true 
eoliths and some artifacts of the paleolithic and neolithic 
periods. Things that are equal to the same .thing, are equal 
to each other. By substituting, therefore, one arrives at the 
identity between stream-made and machine-made eoliths on 
the one hand, and recognized artifacts on the other. This 
does not prove the non-existence of true eoliths any more than 
it does that of the paleolithic or neolithic artifacts. 

If streams at flood ever produced eoliths it is more than 
probable that they may still be doing so. While keeping one 
eye on the chalk-mill at Mantes, might it not be well to keep 
the other on the Seine that flows near by. A few Seine-made 
eoliths would certainly be more convincing than those turned 
out at the factory. 

It has not been my good fortune to see one of these cement 
factories at work. It is evident from the available literature 
on the subject that considerable prejudice has entered into the 
controversy. Messieurs Laville, Boule et at., were evidently 
seeking for what they claim to have found at Mantes. On the 
other hand it was extremely unfortunate that certain believers 
in an eolithic industry were refused admittance into the Mantes 
establishment. A selected series, however, from Mantes, 
which was sent in 1905 to the Salzburg Meeting of the German 
Anthropological Association by Dr. Obermaier, was later 
placed at the disposal of Professor Verworn and Dr. Hahne. 
Verworn compared them with his collection of eoliths from 
Cantal, while Hahne compared the Mantes specimens with a 
similar series from a chalk-mill on the Island of Riigen, and the 
eoliths from Belgium sent to him by Rutot. 

Dr. Rutot has sought to match his superb collection of 
eoliths in the Royal Museum of Natural History, Brussels, 
with specimens from the chalk-mills of Belgium, but in vain. 
Professor Verworn and Dr. Hahne have been no more success- 
ful in their comparative studies. All three agree in their gen- 
eral conclusions as to the radical differences between the true 



IO SECTION H. 

and the false eoliths; also that the action of the mill is hardly 
comparable with that of the natural streams of the regions in 
question except in one particular, viz., both tend in time to 
make pebbles of the flints that are offered to them. 

According to Professor Verworn,* a fundamental difference 
exists between the eoliths he found at Puy de Boudieu and the 
pseudo-eoliths from Mantes. The corners and edges of the 
latter are worn, while those of the Cantal eoliths are not. It 
has been suggested that the chipping on the specimens from 
Puy de Boudieu may be due to pressure of the overlying beds. 
Such a result might be possible where unstable beds contained 
a sufficient quantity of flint nodules and chips pressing against 
each other. At Puy de Boudieu, however, the chipped flints are 
not resting against each other. They are separated by masses 
of tufa, loam and sand. 

After a careful comparison of machine-made eoliths from 
both Mantes and Sassnitz with the Mafflean and Mesvinian 
industry from Belgium, Dr. Hahne'sf conclusions are as follows: 
( i ) The chalk-mill flints are all scratched and otherwise marked 
by the iron teeth of the mill. (2) The sides of all the larger 
pieces are bedecked with scars from blows that were not properly 
placed to remove a flake. (3) Almost every piece shows more 
or less of the original chalky crust of the nodule. (4) Any- 
thing like a systematic chipping of an edge or margin is never 
found except for very short stretches where one would expect 
it to be carried along the entire margin. This is quite different 
from the long retouched margins of most eoliths. (5) The 
same edge is often rechipped first on one side and then on the 
other absolutely without meaning or purpose. The "reverse 
working" of true eoliths is quite another thing. (6) In the 
mill product coarse chipping alternates with fine retouches 
along the same margin, while on the eolith there is a regularity 
and orderly sequence of chipping. (7) The repeated rechip- 
ping of the same edge, while others are left untouched, does 
not occur in machine-made eoliths. (8) The chief difference 

*Op. cit., p. 620. 

fUber die Beziehungen der Kreidemuhlen zur IJolithenfrage. Zeit. 
fiir Ethnol., 1905, S. 1024, 



GEORGE GRANT MacCURDY. II 

is between the haphazard and meaningless on the one hand, 
and the purposeful on the other. 

The most prominent and easily breakable parts suffer most 
in passing through the mill. They are often retained intact, 
or only slightly altered, on the eolith to serve as a hand-hold, 
and there is a logical relationship between the worked and un- 
worked portions. 

The eolithic problem in northern Germany is even more 
difficult of solution than that of chalk-mill "eoliths." Dr. 
Klaatsch, who had previously made a study of eoliths in France 
and Belgium, was among the first to find so-called eoliths in 
flu vio -glacial deposits in the valley of the Spree. His dis- 
coveries were supplemented by Dr. Hahne's in the valley of 
the Elbe. At this latitude, the deposits of the first glacial 
and first interglacial period, containing what appears to be an 
eolithic as well as a transition (Strepyan) industry, were very 
much disturbed by the second advance of the ice. 

The result is that the pieces in question are so badly damaged 
as to obscure the evidence bearing on their genuineness. The 
German geologists and anthropologists are divided as to the 
proper interpretation to place upon these specimens. After 
going over the material with Dr. Hahne, Rutot is of the opinion, 
that after all doubtful pieces are rejected there will remain 
enough to establish the existence of an eolithic industry in 
those regions. 

Another subject studied in common by Rutot* and Hahne 
is that of shore-made eoliths, the locality being a favored 
stretch of coast on the Island of Riigen in the Baltic Sea. The 
chalk cliff is surmounted by a moraine with large erratic blocks. 
When the seas run high, the large blocks and glacial till are 
thrown forward over the cliff. Masses of the fissured chalk are 
also loosened and fall to the foot of the cliff. With recurring 
high seas, broken nodules of flint come in contact with the 
erratic blocks and the production of pseudo-eoliths begins. 
If left, however, to their own fate they are finally reduced to 
sand. When rescued at the proper time, they resemble more 

*Eolithes et pseudoeolithes. Mem de la Soc. d'anthrop. de Brux- 
elles, 1906, t. XXV. 



12 SECTION H. 

or less the true eolith. They certainly form a more convincing 
argument in favor of the natural origin of all eoliths than do 
those from the chalk-mills. But they resemble the latter more 
than they do the genuine eolith, which, according to Rutot 
and Hahne is still unaccounted for unless it represents the 
handiwork of man or his precursor. 

The differences are not great enough to be detected by the 
untrained eye. They may be compared to the differences 
between hand-made and machine-made music. The untrained 
ear might not detect them without seeing the operator at work, 
but no such substitution could deceive an expert. It would 
be rather wide of the mark to conclude that, because pianos 
may be played by the pianola, they were never played by hand ; 
or if ever played by hand the result must necessarily be identi- 
cal with that produced by the pianola. 

The wide differences of opinion in the opposing camps can 
hardly be due to prejudice alone. Faulty or insufficient 
observation and incorrect interpretation doubtless play their 
part. Luckily there is no disposition to drop the matter until 
the truth appears. At the International Congress of Anthro- 
pology and Prehistoric Archaeology held at Monaco, April 
15 to 22, 1906, the chief subject of the second session was the 
pedigree of the eolith. According to Nature* "a series of 
mill-modeled flint nodules was exhibited, among which there 
was certainly a number closely resembling many Prestwichian 
types, but conspicuous by their absence were the decidedly 
purposeful and rationally usable Kentian forms." On the 
other hand, Professor E- Ray Lankester "submitted that he 
had recently placed on exhibition in the British Museum, a 
considerable seriesf of specimens selected from Prestwich's 
collection, all borer-like in form, too identical in shape and so 
rationally of obvious utility for any possibility of their being 
the result of fortuitous natural collisions." 

As a further indication of the importance attaching to a 
correct solution of the problem and indirectly in recognition 
of the value of Rutot's contribution toward such a solution, 

* fune 28, 1906, p. 21 t. 

•j-Amer. Anthropol. (N. S.), 1905, VII, 432, 433. 



GEORGE GRANT MacCURDY. 13 

the Meeting of the German Anthropological Association for 
1907 will be held in Cologne* in order that the members may 

visit the eolithic stations of Belgium and see the collections 

of the Brussels Museum. 

THE ART OF THE CAVE-DWELLER. 

Passing now from Tertiary and Lower Quaternary eoliths 
and leaving out of account for the time being the important 
industry of the Chellean and Mousterian epochs, we come upon 
a most interesting chapter in the history of paleolithic man — 
a chapter to which many attractive pages have been added 
during the past ten years. It concerns the art of the Cave- 
Dweller. 

One of the earliest enlightened searchers for prehistoric 
man in caverns was the Rev. J. MacKnery, a Roman Catholic 
priest, stationed at Torquay on the southern coast of England. 
As early as 1825 he found, in Kent's Cavern, flint implements 
definitely associated with the remains of the mammoth, rhino- 
ceros and other extinct animals. 

Then came, in 1833, the discoveries of Schmerling in the 
caverns about Liege, Belgium; but these also did not receive 
the attention they deserved, owing to the then all-powerful 
influence of Cuvier. 

Following the appearance of Darwin's Origin of Species, 
and the acceptance of the river-drift implements as artifacts, 
both of which events occurred in 1859, cavern explorations 
received a new impetus. In Europe alone hundreds of paleo- 
lithic caverns have already been explored. About one-third 
of these are situated in France. Some of the well-known 
localities outside of France are the regions about Namur and 
Liege, Belgium; Liguria in Italy; Moravia in Austria; and 
Schaffhausen in Switzerland. 

To the student of the cave-dweller period, southern France 
is perhaps the most fruitful field in all Europe. Of this area 
Les Eyzies and its environs in the valley of the Vezere, depart- 

*It is proposed to make the Cologne Congress International. Ameri- 
can Anthropologists have been invited to take part. Place of meeting 
has been changed to Strassburg. The date is August 4-8. 



14 SECTION H. 

merit of Dordogne, is one of the chief centers. It was in 1862 
that M. J. Charnet found in a shallow cave at Les Byzies the 
first flint implements and breccia, with bones of the reindeer 
and other animals. He communicated the facts to Professor 
Eduard Lartet of Paris and Mr. Henry Christy of London, who 
visited the place in August, 1863, making explorations simul 
taneously at Les Eyzies, Gorge d'Enfer and Laugerie-Haute 

This led, in 1865, to the plans for a great publication to be 
called "Reliquiae Aquitanicae." In importance, as well as 
in authorship, this is an international volume. The specimens 
described belong to the Christy Collection of the British Museum 
and to the Museum of National Antiquities at Saint-Germain. 
The Lartet and Christy explorations were practically confined 
to the rock-shelters and shallow caves. If these men had lived 
longer, they might have discovered the extensive subterranean 
caverns of the neighborhood, the walls of which are decorated 
with a remarkable series of frescoes and engravings. 

The valley of the Vezere has been an attractive field for 
archaeological excursions ever since the appearance of Lartet 
and Christy's classic work ; and has come even more into favor 
since 1895, when the first discovery was made of engravings 
and frescoes on the walls of one of the caverns. Several other 
caverns have been explored during the past six years with 
similar results. In company with a small party of Frenchmen 
from Paris, members of the Societe des Excursions Scientifiques, 
I visited the region during the summer of 1903. 

Vezere collections have found their way practically into all 
the important museums of the world, but the British Museum 
(Bloomsbury) ; the Natural History Museum, Paris, and the 
Museum of National Antiquities at Saint-Germain-en-Laye 
contain the major part. These should all be visited before, 
as well as after, a trip to the Dordogne. The train can be taken 
direct from Paris {Gave d' Orleans) to Perigueux, the capital 
of the department of Dordogne, the site of ancient Vesuna of 
the Petrocorii and later a flourishing Roman town. Here one 
may stop with profit to see the ruins of a Roman amphitheatre 
and tower, also the Musee de Perigord, rich in prehistoric relics 
of Dordogne, including the Vezere region. 



George; grant MaccuRDY. 15 

From Perigueux it is less than two hours by train to I,es 
Eyzies, the heart of the cave-dweller country where one stops 
at the Auberge Berthoumeyrou, well and favorably known to a 
long line of pilgrims to this enchanted land of limpid streams, 
green valleys and lofty, picturesque escarpments. 

The calcareous formation, cleft by the Vezere and its tribu- 
taries, is composed of Cretaceous beds approximately horizontal 
and of varying degrees of hardness (see pi. I) ; so that overhang- 
ing rocks often shelter horizontal galleries and niches. Again 
subterranean streams have left meandering caverns, some of 
them several hundred meters in length. These as well as the 
rock-shelters and open, shallow caves, formed through atmos- 
pheric agencies, were inhabited by early man. Some were en- 
larged or modified and occupied during the Middle Ages. At a 
safe height in the roc de Tayac, one such that withstood succes- 
sive sieges in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is at present 
used as a restaurant and appropriately named "au Paradis." 

The earlier explorations at lyes Eyzies, Cro-Magnon, Gorge- 
d'Enfer, kaugerie- Basse, Laugerie-Haute, La Madeleine and 
ke Moustier are so well known that they are mentioned only 
in passing. After so long a series of important discoveries, it 
might well be supposed that the archaeological possibilities of 
the region had been exhausted, yet some of the most important 
treasures still remained locked in the recesses of the less easily 
accessible and little known subterranean caverns which pene- 
trate the hills to great depths. The entrances to these caverns 
are small and invisible from the valley below. Some indeed 
were completely stopped by hillside debris, leaving no outer 
trace of their existence. It is not strange that they escaped 
immediate notice. They were neglected until the early nine- 
ties, when Riviere removed some of the floor deposits in the 
cavern of kes Combarelles that yielded many flint implements, 
and especially fine bone needles. In 1895, he began work in 
similar deposits in the cavern of La Mouthe. One day, after 
penetrating to a considerable depth, he and his companion, the 
son of Berthoumeyrou, the innkeeper, sat down to rest. In 
lighting a cigar, the extra light of the match added to the 
feeble candle light and placed at the proper angle revealed to 



l6 SECTION H. 

one of them what had not been observed before — an engraving 
on the wall. The discovery was duly announced and marked 
the beginning of a new epoch in cavern explorations. Not 
that Riviere's discovery was the first of its kind; but that the 
two previous finds of a similar nature had not been accepted 
as authentic. These were in the cavern of Altamira, Province 
of Santander, Spain, explored in 1879 by Sautuola;* and of 
Chabot (Gard), explored prior to 18S9 by Leopold Chiron. 
Then followed Riviere's discovery at La Mouthe and that of 
Daleau in 1896 in the cavern of Pair-non-Pair (Gironde). 

The mural decorations at La Mouthe occur in four groups 
or panels. The first panel is about ninety-three meters from 
the entrance. The second, four meters farther on, is called 
the "Hall of the Bison." Seven animals are represented on 
an area 5.02 meters by 2.6 meters. The third and fourth 
panels are one hundred and thirteen and one hundred and 
thirty meters, respectively, from the entrance. 

In 1899, Riviere was so fortunate as to find a stone lamp in 
the floor deposits of this cavern at a point about seventeen 
meters from the entrance. The pick of the workman broke 
the lamp into four pieces of which three were immediately 
recovered. Riviere and two of his men searched for the miss- 
ing fragment an entire day, but without success. The shallow 
bowl contained some carbonized matter, an analysis of which 
led M. Berthelot, the chemist, to conclude that lard was used 
for lighting purposes. On the base there is an engraving of 
a wild goat's head and horns. A figure exactly like this was 
found on the third mural panel already mentioned. This 
was the fourth lamp to be found in French caverns. The first 
and second were from the cavern of Monthier (Charente) ; and 
the third from the cavern of Coual (Lot). The necessities of 
men dwelling in dark caverns would be likely to lead to the 
invention of artificial light, which light made it possible for 
them to depict the frescoes and engravings on the walls of 
their abodes. 

The past six years have witnessed a succession of remarkable 

*Don M. S. de Sautuola. Breves apuntes sobre algunos objetos pre- 
historicos de la provincia de Santander. 1880, Libreria Murillo, Madrid. 



GEORGE GRANT MacCURDY. . 17 

discoveries by Messieurs Capitan, Breuil, Bourrinet and 
Peyrony, in the caverns of Bes Combarelles, Font-de-Gaume, 
Bernifal and others. 

The Combarelles cavern has a total length of two hundred 
and thirty-four meters, is from one to two meters wide, and 
high enough to admit of walking upright for most of the way. 
The engravings begin at a point about one hundred and eight- 
een meters from the entrance, and occupy both walls for a dis- 
tance of one hundred meters. Some of the figures are deeply 
incised; others are mere scratches. In some, the effect is 
heightened by the application of a dark coloring matter (oxide 
of manganese) . Portions of the walls are covere .1 by a coating 
of stalactite thick enough in places completely to hide engrav- 
ings; while in others, the more deeply incised figures are still 
visible. On areas devoid of incrustations, the figures are fresh 
and distinct. The artist sometimes had recourse to champ- 
leve; sometimes natural prominences were utilized to add relief 
to the figures. Of the one hundred and nine engravings of 
various animals on the walls at Les Combarelles there are some 
forty equine figures, occurring either singly or in groups, and 
fourteen of the mammoth. The mural engravings belong pre- 
cisely to the same school of art as the relief and incised figures 
from the floor deposits of the shallow caves and rock-shelters, 
so well known through the works of the earlier investigators. 
This statement applies equally to all the caverns thus far 
explored. 

The cavern of Bernifal was first explored in 1903. It was 
discovered by accident. The original entrance near the base 
of an escarpment is completely obstructed by earth and stones. 
The present artificial entrance is at a point where the ceiling 
of the cavern comes close to the surface of the wooded, sloping 
upland. The descent into the cavern is almost vertical, and 
made by means of an iron ladder about three meters long. 
There is a joint in the ladder, the upper portion of which may 
be inclined and locked so as to secure the interior against van- 
dalism.* Within are three large chambers united by rather 

*Most of the prehistoric monuments of France are now the property 
of the Government and are protected by the enactment and enforcement 
of wise laws. 



1 8 SECTION H. 

narrow corridors. The first is twenty- two meters long, with 
high ceiling and a maximum breadth of eight meters. The 
others are not quite so large. The beautiful stalactites over- 
head have been left undisturbed. Most of the engravings are 
to be found in the second chamber. They are cut rather 
deeply into the calcareous walls, and generally coated over 
with a thin, hard layer of stalactite. Twelve groups number- 
ing in all twenty-six figures have been recognized. These 
include geometric, triangular signs in addition to various 
animal figures — reindeer, mammoth, horse, bison, and antelope. 
Some are simply engraved, others are painted with red ochre 
and manganese. Many are probably wholly hidden beneath 
thick mural incrustations. Tectiform signs, the significance 
of which is unknown, were also met with at Les Combarelles 
and Font-de-Gaume. 

The Font-de-Gaume frescoes and engravings were discovered 
in 1 90 1 by Capitan and Breuil with the assistance of M. Peyrony, 
the school principal of Tes Byzies. The entrance is some 
twenty meters above the valley and near the top of the escarp- 
ment (pi. II). 

A passage about sixty-five meters long, and much restricted 
in places, leads to an ample gallery forty meters in length, 
two to three in breadth, and five to six in height. A majority 
of the paintings — and Font-de-Gaume is especially rich in 
paintings — occur on the walls of this gallery and in a little side 
chamber farther on (fig. 1). The latter contains thirteen 
remarkable figures, in color, of the bison and a group of 
reindeer. The coloring matter was red ochre and manganese, 
either mixed so as to give various intermediate shades or used 
separately. Both these materials are found on top of the neigh- 
boring plateaus. The dimensions of the figures vary from 2.70 
meters down to .20 meters. Some are on regular surfaces, while 
others include natural prominences in such a way as to give the 
effect of relief. They are veritable frescoes, the whole figure 
often being covered with paint. Engraving and fresco are 
usually associated in the same figure.' The coloring matter was, 
in some cases, applied after the engraving ; while in others the 
process was reversed. Again some figures are a piece-work of 



GEORGK GRANT MacCURDY. 1 9 

engraving and fresco. Some are engraved only. In certain 
cases the outlines of the animal are simply traced by a single 
stroke of the brush or pencil, usually in black. Where the con- 
tours are filled in, various tints from black to red are usually 
employed. The outlines are seldom marred by blotches or 
evidences of an uncertain stroke. 

Of the more than eighty figures described already from 
Font-de-Gaume, forty-nine represent the bison, four the rein- 
deer, four the horse, three the antelope, two the mammoth, 
one the stag, One Felis leo, one Rhinoceros tichorhinus, six 
various signs. A number have not yet been determined. 

In their various explorations Messieurs Capitan, Breuil and 
Peyrony have collected about a hundred drawings of the mam- 
moth. Those of the bison, horse and reindeer are also numerous. 
On the other hand representations of Ursus, Felis, and Rhino- 
ceros are rare. The engraving of Ursus spelaeus on. a piece of 
schist found in the floor deposits of the cavern of Massat 
(Ariege) has been known since 1867. A similar figure is to be 
seen on the cavern walls of Les Combarelles. An engraving of 
Felis on a pebble from the cavern of Gourdan (Haute-Garonne) 
was recently published by Piette. Two mural engravings of 
Felis are known; one at L,es Combarelles and the other at Font- 
de-Gaume. In the latter the entire animal is represented, 
being characterized by the form of the head, the general aspect 
of the body, the long, lifted tail and short paws. The animal 
is probably Felis leo, var. spelaea, since it is figured somewhat 
larger than are the four horses forming part of the same group 
or picture. 

One of the most interesting animal representations on the 
cavern walls of Dordogne is a color drawing of Rhinoceros 
tichorhinus, found at Font-de-Gaume near the group that in- 
cluded an engraving of the cave lion. The figure is not only 
complete but also exact. The two horns are faithfully indi- 
cated, the anterior notably longer and larger than the posterior. 
The only other representation of the woolly rhinoceros is an 
indifferent engraving on a piece of stone found in the cavern 
of Gourdan and recently published by Piette. 

The cavern of Font-de-Gaume opens on a narrow valley 



20 SECTION H. 

tributary to that of the Beune and near their junction. The 
well-known rock-shelter of Les Eyzies lies across the valley of 
the Beune. It is visible from Font-de-Gaume, appearing like 
a black spot on the face of the great escarpment, and only 
eight hundred meters distant. M. Peyrony* suggests that the 
two prehistoric communities may have been closely united. 
His recent researches at Les Eyzies tend to confirm this. view. 

The shallow cave of Les Eyzies, overlooking the Beune near 
its junction with the Vezere, opens on a sort of natural plat- 
form about thirty-five meters above the bed of the stream. 
The opening of the cave is wide and high enough to admit the 
light to its greatest depth, which is twelve meters. The greatest 
width is sixteen meters. It has a southern exposure, is dry 
and habitable. Font-de-Gaume was never a place of residence, 
as is indicated by the absence of floor deposits. About the 
only objects found there are a few broken gravers with edges 
dulled in executing the wall engravings, a few pieces of ochre 
and manganese and one handsome ochre pencil. Why should 
the artists make residence of a dark subterranean cavern, 
when by going a short distance they could have an ample 
shallow cave or rock-shelter facing the south and warmed and 
lighted by the sun ? Such a shelter is Les Eyzies and the 
enormous quantities of refuse taken from its floor at various 
periods testify to its use as a place of habitation by generation 
after generation. 

The rock-shelter of Les Eyzies has furnished unusually large 
quantities of ochre of various tints. Most of the pieces have 
been scraped to produce a colored powder which was mixed 
with grease or some liquid, thus forming a paint. In order to 
pulverize and thoroughly mix the coloring matter, mortars 
were used. An interesting series of these mortars from Les 
Eyzies forms a part of the famous Christy collection in the 
British Museum. Very few mortars have been found in 
neighboring stations. Besides ochre pencils exactly like the 
one from Font-de-Gaume have been found in the rock-shelter 
of Les Eyzies. Sometimes a flat piece of ochre is cut in the 

*Le Dr. Capitan, l'Abbe Breuil et Peyrony. Nouvelles observations 
sur la grotte des Eyzies et ses relations avec celles de Font-de-Gaume 
Conipte rendu, Congres preh. de France, 1905, p. 137. 



GElORGEl GRANT MaCCURDY. 21 

form of a triangle, each angle serving in turn as a pencil point. 
Some of these pencils are perforated to be suspended, and 
might well be supposed to form a part of the outfit of the 
artists who drew in color figures such as that of the two-horned 
rhinoceros previously mentioned. 

It may be that the artists who made their home at lyes Eyzies 
decorated its walls also. Exposure would have obliterated 
these decorations long ago. Lucky it was for present-day 
lovers of art and archaeology that their troglodyte forebears 
had the good sense to seek at Font-de-Gaume a more permanent 
gallery for their masterpieces. 

In addition to the four caverns with wall engravings and 
paintings in the Vezere valley group, one other is now being 
explored in the Dordogne, viz., the cavern of La Mairie at 
Teyjat. This large cavern is only two hundred meters distant 
from the rock-shelter of Mege, discovered in 1903 by M. Bour- 
rinet. In the cavern of La Mairie the floor deposits may be 
separated into two industry-bearing layers. The upper one of 
these contains the same industry as the single layer in the 
adjacent rock-shelter of Mege, except that the latter has fur- 
nished archaeological material in greater quantities than were 
found in the deposits of the cavern. The relative positions of 
the engravings on the cavern walls and the upper layer of floor 
deposits prove that both belong to the same epoch (Magdale- 
nian). It is also interesting to note that while bones of the 
reindeer abound in the rock-shelter of Mege, representations 
of this animal predominate among the mural engravings in 
La Mairie cavern. 

Besides the cavern of Chabot and of Pair-non-Pair, already 
mentioned, other decorated French caverns explored to date 
are: Le Figuier (Ardeche) across the river from Chabot, La 
Greze and La Calevie (Dordogne), and Marsoulas (Haute- 
Garonne) . 

Of caverns with paleolithic mural decorations outside of 
France, thus far reported, one is in Italy and seven are in Spain.* 
The most important cavern in the Spanish group is that of 
Altamira in the north coast Province of Santander, previously 

*Altamira, Castillo, Covalanas, Hornos de la Pena, La Haza, La Venta 
de la Perra and San Isabel, all in the Province of Santander. 



22 SECTION H. 

mentioned as being the one in which the discovery of mural 
figures first took place. The genuineness of these figures would 
have continued to remain in doubt had it not been for similar 
subsequent discoveries elsewhere. 

Messieurs Emile Cartailhac and the Abbe H. Breuil have 
recently studied with great care the wall paintings and en- 
gravings at Altamira. The cavern is a series of large chambers 
connected by passage ways. There is no evidence of its 
having been occupied bv either man or beast since the close of 
the Quaternary, at which time the entrance was completely 
closed by a fall of earth and stones. 

A second, recent fall has afforded a new opening to the cavern 
reached by clambering over the debris that closed the original 
entrance. The first chamber is divided by means of a mass of 
fallen stones. The one on the left is forty meters long by 
twenty meters wide. The one on the right is a sort of corridor 
connecting with other chambers. Industrial remains of the 
floor deposits are confined to the entry and the chamber on 
the left. There is evidence that the cave bear had occupied 
the cavern before man took possession. Figures, engraved 
or painted, are found on the walls of every part of the cavern, 
especiallv on the ceiling of the chamber on the left near the 
entrance, where the frescoes are remarkable for their beauty, 
size, and good preservation — a sort of Sistine chapel represent- 
ing the chef d'oewvre of perhaps more than one Michael Angelo 
of that far-off time. 

These works of art represent a variety of technique. Some 
are simple line engravings. Others are more deeply incised. 
But the engravings are not so numerous as the figures repre- 
sented in color. Many are done in a single color, either red 
or black. The most remarkable are the polychrome frescoes 
similar to those of Font-de-Gaume already described. 

The figures are not all animal representations. Many are 
signs, the significance of which is not known. They do not 
belong to a single epoch. The superposition of figures, each 
in a different technique, studied in connection with the relative 
state of preservation of the various figures, has furnished a 
kev to the order of succession. The same succession is trace- 



GEORGE GRANT MacCURDY. 23 

able in the caverns of France, so that the Abbe Breuil and his 
colleagues, Messieurs Cartailhac, Capitan, Peyrony and Bour- 
rinet, have been able to distinguish four distinct phases* 
in the evolution of mural painting and engraving, all of them 
being represented in the cavern of Altamira. 

The first phase includes deeply incised figures representing 
the animal in absolute profile, i. e., with a single forefoot and 
a single hindfoot, the outlines being rude and not well-propor- 
tioned, and details, such as hoofs and hair, not indicated. The 
figure of a bison in the corridor on the right is a specimen of 
this oldest class of wall decoration. Other examples are 
found at La Greze (fig. 2), Chabot and Pair-non-Pair. 

The paintings of this stage are also in outline, the color being 
black or red and drawn with a crayon, there being absolutely 
no effort at modeling. The horse drawn in black on the ceiling 
of the left chamber is an illustration (fig, 3). Others ma}' be 
seen at Marsoulas, Font-de-Gaume, La Mouthe, Les Combarelles 
and Bernifal. 

The incised figures of the second phase remain deep and 
broad; but the outlines are more lifelike although often ill- 
proportioned. All four legs are often represented, the distal 
ones being almost completely hidden by those nearest the 
beholder. The hoofs are sometimes represented with great 
care. As the incisions become less deep they also gain in 
neatness. In places the effect of bas-relief is given by means of 
champleve. The more hairy portions are indicated by incised 
lines. Engravings of this stage are not numerous at Altamira. 
They are seen to better advantage at La Mouthe', Font-de- 
Gaume, Bernifal, and above all at Les Combarelles (fig. 4). 

The paintings of this phase evince the first attempts at 
modeling by shading at various points. Engraving is often 
combined with the painting. The use of color continues to 
develop until one arrives at a monochrome silhouette usually 
in black. The contours are often heightened by engraving. 
The second phase is represented not only at Altamira but also 
at Marsoulas, Les Combarelles, Font-de-Gaume and La Mouthe. 

*A fifth and closing phase is discernible at Marsoulas, resembling 
somewhat the work on the painted pebbles of Mas d'Azil. 



24 SECTION H. 

The engravings of the third phase are generally of small 
dimensions. Many of these are admirable in their execution, 
as, for example, the bison in the terminal corridor. The entire 
mural decorations in the cavern of La Mairie at Teyjat are in 
this style, as are a number from Font-de-Gaume and Mar- 
soulas. 

In the domain of painting, the third phase is represented by 
an excessive use of color, producing a flat effect, thus destroy- 
ing the modeling that was such an attractive feature of the 
preceding stage. At Altamira the color employed is red and 
the drawing is deplorable. As a rule these examples are not 
well preserved. Those from Marsoulas, in either black or 
red, are not much better. The best work of this phase is to 
be seen at Font-de-Gaume and is executed in black or brown. 
It is often combined with engraving of a high order, done, 
before the color was applied. 

In the fourth phase the engravings lose their importance. 
The lines are broker; and difficult to follow. The small figures 
of the mammoth at Font-de-Gaume and of the bison at Mar- 
soulas show this tendency to' emphasize detail at the expense 
of the ensemble. 

Paleolithic painting reached its zenith in the fourth phase. 
The outlines are drawn in black, as are the eyes, horns, mane 
and hoofs. The modeling is done with various shades pro- 
duced by the mixing of yellow, red and black. Engraving 
always accompanies the fresco, serving to emphasize the details. 
These polychrome figures are seen at their best on the ceiling 
of the left chamber near the entrance; also at Marsoulas and 
Font-de-Gaume (pis. Ill and IV). 

Shortly before his death, M. P. Jamin, a well-known Parisian 
artist, exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1903 a large oil painting 
inspired by the discovery of these polychrome frescoes. This 
canvas also formed part of the French art exhibit at the Louisi- 
ana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, in 1904. It represents 
the cave-dweller artist in the little side chamber of Font-de- 
Gaume at work on one of the thirteen figures of the bison (see 
p. 18), while members of his family look on and applaud. 
In a panel above his head is the unfinished group of reindeer. 



GEORGE GRANT MacCURDY. 25 

It has long been the custom for artists to copy the old masters. 
M. Jamin has rendered a valuable service both to art and 
archaeology by introducing the modern French school of painters 
to the earliest school of art developed on what is now French 
soil. The ages of Phidias and of the Italian Renaissance, 
viewed in the light of their antecedents, are wonderful mani- 
festations; but not more wonderful than that of the Vezere 
Troglodyte, a contemporary of the mammoth and rhinoceros, 
the bison and the reindeer. 



Plate I. 




Plioto- 1>j G. G. MacC 



LEs Eyzies in the Background; the VezErE River on the Left 

(Dordogne). 



Plate II. 




Photo, hy C. G Ma, C 



Entrance to the Cavern of Font-de-Gaume (Dordogne). 



Pl*te III. 




Polychrome Painting of a Bison. Cavern op Font-de-Gatjme (Dordogne). 
Fourth Phase. t V (After Capitan and Breuil.) 



Plate IV. 




Unfinished Polychrome Painting of two Reindeer, showing how Paint- 
ing WAS COMBINED WITH ENGRAVING. CAVERN OF FoNT-DE-GaUME 

(Dordogne). Fourth Phase. -gV (After Capitan and Breuil.) 



Enhance 



Figure i. — Floor Plan of the Cavern of Font-de-Gaume (Dordogne). The Numbers indi- 
cate the Position of the Fngravings and Paintings on the Walls. 




Figure; 2. — Engraving of a Bison. Cavern of La GrEze (Dordogne). First Phase. 

i. (After Breuie.) 





Figure 3. — Head of a Horse, drawn with a Black 
Crayon. Cavern of Avtamira. First Phase. J. 
(After Breuil.) 




Figure 4. — Engraving of a Mammoth. Cavern op LEs CombareleEs (Dordogne). 
Second Phase. J. (After Capitan and Breuil.) 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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